Beyond the Big Leave: The Future of U.S. Automotive Human Resources

Based on industry interviews and trends analyses, forecasts employment levels and hiring nationwide and in Michigan through 2016, and compiles automakers' input on technical needs, hiring criteria, and suggestions for training and education curricula

Competition in the 1990s

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154101/1/cole-competition1994.pd

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

GWAS meta-analysis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy implicates multiple hepatic genes and regulatory elements

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy-specific liver disorder affecting 0.5–2% of pregnancies. The majority of cases present in the third trimester with pruritus, elevated serum bile acids and abnormal serum liver tests. ICP is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including spontaneous preterm birth and stillbirth. Whilst rare mutations affecting hepatobiliary transporters contribute to the aetiology of ICP, the role of common genetic variation in ICP has not been systematically characterised to date. Here, we perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses for ICP across three studies including 1138 cases and 153,642 controls. Eleven loci achieve genome-wide significance and have been further investigated and fine-mapped using functional genomics approaches. Our results pinpoint common sequence variation in liver-enriched genes and liver-specific cis-regulatory elements as contributing mechanisms to ICP susceptibility

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Economic Losses of Laid-Off Auto Workers (Michigan).

This study is comprised of an examination of three distinct, yet related, empirical issues concerning the private economic costs and readjustment behavior of laid-off auto workers in the 1980-1982 recession. The source of data for these investigations is the Michigan Survey Study of Displaced Auto Workers--a detailed, cross-sectional, 1984 survey of 429 auto workers indefinitely laid-off in 1979-1982. The first issue examined in this study is the extent of income losses suffered by laid-off auto workers and their households in the 1980-1982 recession. Displacement costs are estimated through a careful consideration of the loss of potential auto earnings, the receipt of compensation, the effect of tax rates, and the loss of non-wage economic benefits, for periods ranging from one to three years after layoff. After a review of prior studies of the economic cost of displacement, it is concluded that auto workers experienced a greater loss of income in the 1980-1982 recession than in any previous downturn in the 1960-1980 period. A second discussion focuses on the potential loss of residential capital as a determinant of geographic mobility, and through this choice behavior, a worker's loss of both equity and income as a result of layoff. A review of the literature and evidence concerning the geographic mobility of the unemployed is followed by the presentation of an original behavioral model of the migration-choice problem for displaced workers. A structural probit estimation model is applied to data on relocation behavior and outcomes from the Michigan Survey Study. An explanatory variable measuring the level of potential residential capital loss of displaced workers is developed and used in the structural analysis. The estimation of earnings gains and equity costs attributable to relocation generally support hypotheses of the importance of residential capital as both a component and determinant of the total cost of displacement. A final analysis issue concerns the influence of seniority or company tenure upon losses of displaced auto workers. The current seniority-layoff system, prevalent in auto manufacturing, is modeled as a cost technology designed to minimize the total personal cost of any level of layoffs. Using this model as a framework for estimation, results are presented that indicate a powerful influence from this system upon the average level of observed displacement costs in the 1980-1982 recession. Policy implications include an expected low return for public efforts to promote the geographic mobility of displaced workers; and a greater likelihood of higher levels of average displacement costs for future layoffs in the American auto industry because of rising seniority levels.Ph.D.Labor economicsUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/161285/1/8702790.pd

Economic Losses Of Laid-off Auto Workers (michigan).

This study is comprised of an examination of three distinct, yet related, empirical issues concerning the private economic costs and readjustment behavior of laid-off auto workers in the 1980-1982 recession. The source of data for these investigations is the Michigan Survey Study of Displaced Auto Workers--a detailed, cross-sectional, 1984 survey of 429 auto workers indefinitely laid-off in 1979-1982. The first issue examined in this study is the extent of income losses suffered by laid-off auto workers and their households in the 1980-1982 recession. Displacement costs are estimated through a careful consideration of the loss of potential auto earnings, the receipt of compensation, the effect of tax rates, and the loss of non-wage economic benefits, for periods ranging from one to three years after layoff. After a review of prior studies of the economic cost of displacement, it is concluded that auto workers experienced a greater loss of income in the 1980-1982 recession than in any previous downturn in the 1960-1980 period. A second discussion focuses on the potential loss of residential capital as a determinant of geographic mobility, and through this choice behavior, a worker's loss of both equity and income as a result of layoff. A review of the literature and evidence concerning the geographic mobility of the unemployed is followed by the presentation of an original behavioral model of the migration-choice problem for displaced workers. A structural probit estimation model is applied to data on relocation behavior and outcomes from the Michigan Survey Study. An explanatory variable measuring the level of potential residential capital loss of displaced workers is developed and used in the structural analysis. The estimation of earnings gains and equity costs attributable to relocation generally support hypotheses of the importance of residential capital as both a component and determinant of the total cost of displacement. A final analysis issue concerns the influence of seniority or company tenure upon losses of displaced auto workers. The current seniority-layoff system, prevalent in auto manufacturing, is modeled as a cost technology designed to minimize the total personal cost of any level of layoffs. Using this model as a framework for estimation, results are presented that indicate a powerful influence from this system upon the average level of observed displacement costs in the 1980-1982 recession. Policy implications include an expected low return for public efforts to promote the geographic mobility of displaced workers; and a greater likelihood of higher levels of average displacement costs for future layoffs in the American auto industry because of rising seniority levels.Ph.D.Labor economicsSocial SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/127976/2/8702790.pd